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References Online -- English






ABC News 2009-01-08. Britain's chav controversy
Adams, Eldridge S & Michael Mesterton-Gibbons 1995. The cost of threat displays and the stability of deceptive communication 
Aljunied, Adni 2000. Brief introduction to the kris
All About History Team 2017-08-16. India’s Hindu samurai: The British empire’s love affair with the Rajputs
Alley Theatre 2023-07-19. Mariachis: The evolution of charro suits
Alpert, Lucas I 2006-04-13. Academics develop formula for perfect butt
Anderson, Erich B 2023-02-15. We finally understand the ending of 1985's ThunderCats
Anderson, Lynn 2005-03-03. 'Stop Snitching' cameraman arrested
Anderson, Sonja 2025. These Iron Age swords were smuggled out of Iran and modified to increase their value on the black market
Abbas, Jamal Ashley 2006-04-30. Charge of the Wood Brigade
Ansari, Azadeh 2010-05-07. Neanderthal genome shines light on human evolution 
Araujo, Geysa 2010-04-19. Dallah, gahwa, and the senses
Arnott, Gareth & Robert W. Elwood 2009. Assessment of fighting ability in animal contests
Ao, Temjen 2026-04-28. Naga spear history — warrior traditions, tribal symbols & Nagaland craft

Barillas, Martin 2005-04-11. Saint Death cult draws On pre-Christian roots
Barker, Clive. Evolution of a character - Pinhead
Bates, HW ed. 1869 (excerpt from Illustrated Travels). The island of Formosa, p250-52
Batheja, Aman 2007-11-18. Saggy pants turning into political issue
Best, Blair 2025-11-03. Anti-ICE protester's frog costume gains a reach well beyond the small Portland pond
Beaugrand, Jacques P. 1997. Relative importance of initial individual differences, agonistic experience, and assessment accuracy during hierarchy formation; a simulation study
Behrens, Clifford A  2007. Shipibo
Ben Zion, Ilan 2023-09-06. 4 exceptionally preserved Roman swords discovered in a Dead Sea cave in Israel
Berkowitz, Joe 2025-10-13. Portland’s protests are getting ridiculous. That’s the point
Bernstein, David S 2005-12-09. It's gotta be the shirts
Best, Blair 2025-11-03. Anti-ICE protester's frog costume gains a reach well beyond the small Portland pond
Biggs, Nicolas 2024-02-26. Les sans-culottes: Marat’s heart and soul of the French Revolution
Billard, Thomas J & Rachel E Moran 2020-02. Imagining resistance to Trump through the networked branding of the National Park Service
Blade with a beak: New Guinean bone daggers. 2019-05-30
Bodiford, Carl 2018-07-02. The Comanche threat in Brown County and the secession crisis, 1857-1861 
Bower, Bruce 2023-07-02. How Asia’s first nomadic empire broke the rules of imperial expansion
Briffa, Mark & Robert W Elwood 2008. Difficulties remain in distinguishing between mutual and self-assessment in animal contests
Briggs, Bill 2012. No laughing matter: Fear of clowns is serious issue
Brouwers, Josho 2020-06-26. Encased in bronze: The panoply from a Mycenaean tomb at Dendra
Brown, Janelle 2002-05-28. Here come the buns
Bunoan, RIngo w/ Talisa Chan. Bagobo material culture at the American Museum of National History
Burrows, Tim 2014-11-07. Chav: The slur that won't let go

Cammann, Schuyler VR 1977-01. Cult of the jambiya: Dagger wearing in Yemen
Campsie, Alison 2020-05-04. Who were the northern warriors battling the Romans in Scotland?
Carballo, Sean & Neil Oshima 2025-02-10. Rituals and revelations: Tracing Philippine history through gold
Carter, NIcholas P & Katharine W Lukach 2023-03-03. Terminal Classic Conch-Shell Gorgets from the Maya Region and Central Mexico
Caruso, Cecilia 2018-07-25. How chavs have changed the fashion world
Cerón, Oralia. La Charreria and the charro in Mexico
Choi, Charles 2011-11-04. Mammoth mystery: What killed off the woolly beast?
Chutintaranond, Sunait 1992. The image of the Burmese enemy in Thai perceptions and historical writings
Clark, Bobby 2025-11.  The story behind lowrider culture in America
Clements, John 1999. The influence of Spanish Renaissance swordsmanship on Filipino martial arts?
Collins, Camille 1998-09-01. What is the mariachi?
Cooper, Anderson 2007-04-24. 'Stop Snitchin' takes hold in cities
Cristof, Tag 2019-08-15. Cruising low and slow: The ‘Lowrider Capital of the World’ is seeing a rolling revival—thanks to local pride, pageantry, and hydraulics

Dan Davis History 2024-08-30. The strange meanings of phallic imagery in the Nordic Bronze Age (history documentary)
D'Angelo, Jennifer 2001-12-05. Cleavage fashion flips upside down
Dao, James 1992-04-01. Asian street gangs emerging as new Underworld
Davies, Bess Twiston 2009-04-3. Santa Muerte, the Mexican death cult
de la Gironiere, Paul P 2009. Adventures in the Philippine Islands
Demby, Gene 2014-09-11. Sagging pants and the long history of 'dangerous' street fashion
Desch-Obi, TJ 2009. Peinillas and popular participation: Machete fighting in Haiti, Cuba, and Colombia
DeSmith, Christy 2023-04-28. DNA shows poorly understood empire was multiethnic with strong female leadership
Dishneau, David 2009-06-14. John Brown's fearsome pikes still hold fascination
Drexler, Paul 2016-01-16. Chinatown tong wars

Edkins, Darcey 2021-07-03. TikTok 'chav' trend fuels damaging class stereotypes
Enquist, Magnus & Olof Leimar 1990. The evolution of fatal fighting
Erdogan, Koray 2025-06-10.  How Ottoman madmen fused myth, fashion, and combat?
Esparza, Izzy 2023-10-05. Understanding the cultural impact of mariachi music
Everything you ever wanted to know about the word 'chav'. 2012-04-30

Farrokh, Kaveh 2007. The 300 Movie: Separating fact from fiction
Fensom, Sarah E. Portrait mode
Fernandez, Norman Gregory 2008-07-06. Is an old school biker whip illegal in the State of California? What weapons are banned in California? 
Flußmüllnerin, Felicitas. 16th century German clothing
Foreman, John 1905. The Philippine Islands
Frank, Steven A 1990. When to copy or avoid an opponent's strategy
Freese, Kevin. The Death Cult of the Drug Lords: Mexico’s Patron Saint of Crime, criminals, and the dispossessed
Funtecha, Henry F 2009-07-10. The Pulahanes of central Panay

Gadacz, René R 2014-10-20. False Face Society
Gangte, Lalrameng K 2017-06.  Human sacrifice among the Khonds of Orissa C.1836-1861: A study
Garafalo, Michael P 2008-09-08. Tai chi sword Taijiquan jian
Gardner, Roy & Molly R Morris 1989. The evolution of bluffing in animal contests: an ESS approach
Geggel, Laura 2018-04-24. Why New Guinea warriors prized human bone daggers
Geum Bok-hyun 2024. Buchae: Traditional fans stir the air with dignity
Guy, Jack 2023-09-06. Four 1,900-year-old Roman swords found in cave in Israel
Gwong Zau Kung Fu 2021-06-07.  The “Tigers of War” of the Qing dynasty

Hall, Henry Usher 1916. The Bagobo
Hammer, Jill 2020-01-30. The Kreismesser: Women and magic swords in Jewish tradition
Hampson, Rick 2006-03-28. Anti-snitch campaign riles police, prosecutors
Harding, Curtis 2021-07-20. The untold truth of Skeletor
Harvey, Austin 2025-05-21. Scientists just uncovered the secrets of the ornate swords once made in West Africa's storied kingdom of Dahomey
Hays, Constance L 1990-07-31. Chinatown's old gangs give way to violence and fear
Hines, WGS 1977. Competition with an evolutionary stable strategy
The history and traditions of Mexican charro culture
The history of Mexico’s mariachi music 
Hofmann, Hans A & Klaus Schildberger 2001. Assessment of strength and willingness to fight during aggressive encounters in crickets
Holahan, David 2017-04-23.  Before the Mafia, there was the terrifying 'Black Hand'
Horsley, Carter B 2001-05-19. Arts of Africa, Oceania and the Americas at Sotheby's, Saturday May 19, 2001
Howard, Daniela 2023-06-28. In Samoan, what is the meaning of o le toa?
Hughes, Austin L 1986. Picking winners in animal contests
Hunt, Katie 2021-12-22. Ancient human discoveries dominated 2021. Here's what we learned
Hunt, Katie 2023-01-05. Stone Age humans stepped out in cave bear fur 300,000 years ago
Hurley, Emerson 2025-11-10. The fez and the Ottoman path to modernity
Hurley, Vic 1997 (originally published 1936). Swish of the kris: The Story of the Moros

Irvine, William 1903. The army of the Indian Moghuls: its organization and administration

Jacobus, Eric 2024-04-25.  The ROBA hypothesis: A thermodynamic model of human violence and language
Jennings, LA 2016-10-13. Real Irish fighting: A history of shillelagh law and hob-nailed boot stomping
Jones, Vanessa E 2006-01-31. Put your money where your mouth is
Joyce, Christopher 2018-04-19. New Study Says Ancient Humans Hunted Big Mammals To Extinction
Judkins, Ben 2013-01-28. A social and visual history of the hudiedao (butterfly sword) in the southern Chinese martial arts
Judkins, Ben 2013-03-04. Through a lens darkly (8): Butterfly swords, dadaos and the local militias of Guangdong, 1840 vs. 1940
Judkins, Ben 2013-03-18. Through a lens darkly (9): Swords, knives and other traditional weapons encountered by the Shanghai Police Department, 1925
Judkins, Ben 2013-03-25. Tools of the trade: The use of firearms and traditional weapons among the tongs of San Francisco, 1877-1878
Judkins, Ben 2014-04-10. The 19th century hudiedao (butterfly sword) on land and sea
Judkins, Ben 2015-08-14. Research notes: “Advance of the Tigers” through Western eyes
Judkins, Ben 2016-09-25. Through a lens darkly (40): Butterfly swords and tong wars in North America
Judkins, Ben 2020-08-10. Filipino knives, imperialism and the Asian martial arts
Judkins, Ben 2020-12-13. Forgetting about the gun: Firearms and the development of the southern Chinese martial arts
Judkins, Ben 2021-11-14. The woyao dao and regionalism in history and martial studies
Just, Winifried; Morris, Molly R; & Xiaolu Sun 2007. The evolution of aggressive losers

Kahn, Jeremy 2007-04. The story of a snitch
Kifner, John 1991-01-06. Asian gangs in New York
Kirkpatrick, Daniel 2026-07-11. Iron Age clothing in Ireland: What people really wore
Kirkpatrick, Daniel 2026-07-11. Iron Age Irish weapons: Celtic warfare in ancient Ireland
Kirkpatrick, Daniel 2026-08-01. Irish Iron Age warfare: Military tactics, raids & strategy
Koppel, Niko 2007-08-30. Are your jeans sagging?  Go directly to jail.
Korona, Ryszard 1991. On the role of age and body size in risky animal contests

La Ferla, Ruth 2003-11-30. First hip-hop, now cholo style
LaMotte, Sandee 2021-01-09. Valuing male dominance may predict support for Trump, study says
Lange, Henrik & Olof Leimar 2003-04-11. The function of threat display in wintering great tits 
Limos, Mario Alvaro 2020-03-10. Looking back at the time when ancient Visayans terrorized China
Londono, Ernesto 2006-01-04. Mooning deemed 'disgusting' but no crime in Md.
Lorenzi, Rosella 2010-02-24.  Neanderthals wore feathers as fashion accessories
Lortz, Michael G 2005. ​Willing to face death: A history of Kurdish military forces — the peshmerga — from the Ottoman empire to present-day Iraq
Lowry, Brian 2025-07-09. For Superman, It’s truth, justice and a whole lot of political baggage
Lyubichankovskiy, Sergey 2015. Buddhism in the Orenburg Cossack troops in the period between two Russian revolutions

Macachor, Celestino C. New theories on the origins of Eskrima
MacDonald, George F 2001. The Haida: Children of Eagle and Raven
Madden, Thomas F 1999. :-(  The real history of the Crusades
Maisey, A.G. 1998. :-(  Origin of the Keris and its Development to the 14th Century
Malek, Marvin K.; Chang, Bei-Hung; & Terry C Davis 1998. Fighting and weapon-carrying among seventh-grade students in Massachusetts and Louisiana 
Malek, Marvin K.; Chang, Bei-Hung; & Terry C Davis 1998. Self-reported characterization of seventh-grade students' fights
Mallari, Perry Gil S 2010-05-04. The warrior tribe of the Bagobos
Mallari, Perry Gil S 2011-02-02. Philippine spears: Designs and uses
Maloney, James M. 2009. Maloney v. Rice: The nunchaku case
Mao, Xiaorui 2022-08-15.  A study on the local militias in the early and mid-Qing dynasty
Martinez, Ramon 2000. The demystification of the Spanish School
Martinez, Ramon 2005. Jeronimo de Carranza’s “Philosophy” of Arms
Medieval Scottish soldiers fought wearing bright yellow war shirts. 2009-06-29.  
Menez, Herminia 2004-05-03. In focus: Talisman, leadership, and power: The belief in magical potency continues to pervade Filipino life
Mesterton-Gibbons, Michael; Marden, James H; & Lee Alan Dugatkin 1996. On wars of attrition without assessment
Milligan, Mark 2019-04-10. Roman Caledonia – The failed invasion
Mills, Andy. 'Akau tau: Contextualising Tongan war-clubs
Mills, Laurel & Kelly Ferguson 2008-08-14. Aargh -- buried facts about pirates
Mitchell, Kerri 2023-05-17. Accessorize in style with the best mood ring
Molloy, Barry PC 2017-01-09.  Hunting warriors: The transformation of weapons, combat practices and society during the Bronze Age in Ireland
Moy, Charlotte 2020-09-30. Jewelry in Ghana and the Ashanti empire

Nachiar, Nandini 2022-02-03. How did Burberry break free from the rigid fist with which it was held by the chav subculture?
National Army Museum. Tiger headdress, Chinese Manchu forces, Boxer Rebellion, 1900-1901
Netshiheni, Rudzani “RooAT” 2013-02-08.  History of the Jesus Piece
Not An Alternative 2017-02-13. ​The National Park Service goes rogue

Odom, Joel 2025-10-18. Will frog costumes continue to multiply at Saturday’s ‘No Kings’ protests?

Pantone, Dan James 2006. The Shipibo Indians: Masters of Ayahuasca
Pappas, Nicholas CJ. Stradioti: Balkan mercenaries in fifteenth and sixteenth Century Italy 
Parker, G.A. & DI Rubenstein 1981. Role assessment, reserve strategy, and acquisition of information in asymmetric animal conflicts
Pastor Roces, Marian. Balaráw: dagger, word, and clues
PBS Eons 2023-11-09. When did we stop being naked?
PBS Origins 2023-11-09. The misunderstood legacy of ninjas
PBS Origins 2024-02-01. How the Aztec empire was built on spies
Petty, Michael John 2023-11-09. The entire Boba Fett story finally explained

Ramirez, Mac 2021-02-02. Bangar's guerrillas: A small town’s valiant yet forgotten history of resistance during the Philippine-American War
Richardson, David & Sue 2005. The Karakalpaks
Rio, Irving Domingo L 2016-11. Indigenous Dispute Settlement: Learning from the Panay Bukidnon Tribe
Rio, Irving Domingo L & Rodel C Palomar 2013-02. Tubiganay: Conflict Resolution amongst Indigenous Cultural Communities in Central Panay Mountains
Robinson, David 2017-07-12.  Why military institutions matter for Ming history
Rodell, Scott M 1999. Vietnamese swords
Ronnen, Meir 2006-10-01. Jews of the long dagger
Rosenberg, Mica 2009-04-10. Mexico's "Saint Death" cult says is drug war victim

Salter, Steve & Kati Chitrakorn 2025-10-15. Brands can't choose their customers.  So what happens when extremists wear their clothes?
Sam, Katerina; Sam, Legi; & Jan Leps 2015-04. Ethnobotany of penis sheathes (phallocrpyts) in Papua New Guinea
Sanneh, Kelafa 2005-11-13. Cracking the code in Hip-Hop
Schoetz, David 2007-09-07. Underdressed passenger or overreacting airline?
Serwer, Andrew E 1992-11-30. The Hells Angels' devilish business
Seyfarth, RM & DL Cheney 2009. Agonistic and affiliative signals: Resolutions of conflict
Shaw, Richard. Dadupanthis
Siddique, Haroon 2007-06-14. US town bans saggy pants
Sims, Brian 2006-07-17. History of the grill
Singh Brar, Sandeep 2011.  Understanding the Kirpan for non-Sikhs
Slack, Andrew & Jose Antonio Vargas 2025-07-12. Yes, Superman has always been an immigration story
Smith, John Maynard & GA Parker 1976. The logic of asymmetric contests
Soth, Amelia. The fencing moral panic of Elizabethan London
Steinmayer, Otto 2007. The loincloth of Borneo
Stewart, Ethan 2021-01-13. How Leeds led the goth scene
STF! Webmaster 2025-10-10. Frogs For Peace: How the Portland Frog became a symbol of resistance and hope
Street, Mikelle 2017-05-21. This Chicano designer brings the radical cholo spirit to fashion
Strength of New Guinea's bone dagger examined. 2018-04-26
Szamado, Szabolcs 2008-09-03. How threat displays work: species-specific fighting techniques, weaponry and proximity risk

Tarko, Vlad 2006-06-21. Threat display: Showing off in the animal kingdom
Tausk, Gene 2002. At the edge of accepted knowledge in Western martial arts
Taylor, Drew 2020-12-08. The Mandalorian: Why Star Wars is still obsessed with Boba Fett
Tolley, Kristy 2023-06-19. What is the significance of maracas in Mexican culture?
Traditional Instruments 2024-07-29. Exploring the rich heritage of traditional Mexican instruments
Traditional Vietnamese dress
Treaty 2U Treaty2U
Truitt, Brian 2012-10-30. Skeletor gets a dark and powerful origin story
Tsoni, Paula 2024-07-31. Archaeological find supports ancient Greek explorer’s account of Britons

Underwood, Leon 1965. Le bâton de commandement
Uprising among the Khonds against the Government, 1817
The use of masks in Day of the Dead celebrations

Valderrama, Michael R 2013-06-22. The bolo
Valko, Alana 2025-10-13. Everyone is pointing out this 1 reason why the anti-ICE inflatable frogs in Portland may be the best protesters
Vallangi, Neelima 2014-09-22. India's last surviving headhunters
Vescio, Teresa K & Nathaniel EC Schermerhorn 2021-01-12.  Hegemonic masculinity predicts 2016 and 2020 voting and candidate evaluations
Vetukov, V 2015.  Traditional bladed weapons of Vietnam: The problems of terminology
Vietnam Teaching Jobs 2025-02-17. Traditional Vietnamese clothing for men: A complete heritage guide
Vietnamese traditional costumes

Walker, Rob 2005-01-02. The good, the plaid and the ugly
Weir, Laura 2017-09-19. Check this out — the ‘haute chav’ is back on the catwalk, and it makes me feel Noughtie
Weldon, Glen 2018 04-18-2018. Man Of Steel, belted: 'Action Comics #1000' and the return of a super-accessory
Werlin, Katy 2017-01-06. Baggy trousers are revolting: The sans-culottes of the French revolution transformed peasant dress into a badge of honour
White, Tanika 2005-04-30. 'Stop Snitchin' shirts have people talking for different reasons in city
Why is 'chav' still controversial? 2011-06-03
Wilson, Benjamin 2006. The drumming of traditional Ashanti healing ceremonies
Wilson, Cintra 2008-09-17. You just can't kill it
Wolf, Buck 2002-05-21. When clowns go bad: Don't let a few bad Bozos ruin your circus fun

Yangkyi 2023-06-10. Tibetan monks' costumes