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References Online -- English






ABC News 2009-01-08Britain's chav controversy
Adams, Eldridge S & Michael Mesterton-Gibbons 1995The cost of threat displays and the stability of deceptive communication 
Aljunied, Adni 2000Brief introduction to the kris
Alpert, Lucas I 2006-04-13Academics develop formula for perfect butt
Anderson, Erich B 2023-02-15We finally understand the ending of 1985's ThunderCats
Anderson, Lynn 2005-03-03'Stop Snitching' cameraman arrested
Anderson, Sonja 2025These Iron Age swords were smuggled out of Iran and modified to increase their value on the black market
Abbas, Jamal Ashley 2006-04-30Charge of the Wood Brigade
Ansari, Azadeh 2010-05-07. Neanderthal genome shines light on human evolution 
Araujo, Geysa 2010-04-19Dallah, gahwa, and the senses
Arnott, Gareth & Robert W. Elwood 2009Assessment of fighting ability in animal contests

Barillas, Martin 2005-04-11Saint Death cult draws On pre-Christian roots
Barker, Clive. Evolution of a character - Pinhead
Bates, HW ed. 1869 (excerpt from Illustrated Travels). The island of Formosa, p250-52
Batheja, Aman 2007-11-18Saggy pants turning into political issue
Beaugrand, Jacques P. 1997Relative importance of initial individual differences, agonistic experience, and assessment accuracy during hierarchy formation; a simulation study
Behrens, Clifford A  2007Shipibo
Ben Zion, Ilan 2023-09-064 exceptionally preserved Roman swords discovered in a Dead Sea cave in Israel
Bernstein, David S 2005-12-09It's gotta be the shirts
Biggs, Nicolas 2024-02-26Les sans-culottes: Marat’s heart and soul of the French Revolution
Blade with a beak: New Guinean bone daggers2019-05-30
Bodiford, Carl 2018-07-02The Comanche threat in Brown County and the secession crisis, 1857-1861 
Bower, Bruce 2023-07-02How Asia’s first nomadic empire broke the rules of imperial expansion
Briffa, Mark Robert W Elwood 2008Difficulties remain in distinguishing between mutual and self-assessment in animal contests
Briggs, Bill 2012No laughing matter: Fear of clowns is serious issue
Brouwers, Josho 2020-06-26Encased in bronze: The panoply from a Mycenaean tomb at Dendra
Brown, Janelle 2002-05-28Here come the buns
Burrows, Tim 2014-11-07Chav: The slur that won't let go

Cammann, Schuyler VR 1977-01Cult of the jambiya: Dagger wearing in Yemen
Caruso, Cecilia 2018-07-25How chavs have changed the fashion world
Choi, Charles 2011-11-04Mammoth mystery: What killed Off the woolly beast?
Chutintaranond, Sunait 1992The image of the Burmese enemy in Thai perceptions and historical writings
Clements, John 1999. The influence of Spanish Renaissance swordsmanship on Filipino martial arts?
Cooper, Anderson 2007-04-24'Stop Snitchin' takes hold in cities
Cristof, Tag 2019-08-15Cruising low and slow: The ‘Lowrider Capital of the World’ is seeing a rolling revival—thanks to local pride, pageantry, and hydraulics

Dan Davis History 2024-08-30The strange meanings of phallic imagery in the Nordic Bronze Age (history documentary)
D'Angelo, Jennifer 2001-12-05Cleavage fashion flips upside down
Dao, James 1992-04-01Asian street gangs emerging as new Underworld
Davies, Bess Twiston 2009-04-3Santa Muerte, the Mexican death cult
de la Gironiere, Paul P 2009Adventures in the Philippine Islands
Demby, Gene 2014-09-11Sagging pants and the long history of 'dangerous' street fashion
Desch-Obi, TJ 2009Peinillas and popular participation: Machete fighting in Haiti, Cuba, and Colombia
DeSmith, Christy 2023-04-28DNA shows poorly understood empire was multiethnic with strong female leadership
Dishneau, David 2009-06-14. John Brown's fearsome pikes still hold fascination
Drexler, Paul 2016-01-16Chinatown tong wars

Edkins, Darcey 2021-07-03TikTok 'chav' trend fuels damaging class stereotypes
Enquist, Magnus & Olof Leimar 1990The evolution of fatal fighting
Everything you ever wanted to know about the word 'chav'. 2012-04-30

Farrokh, Kaveh 2007The 300 Movie: Separating fact from fiction
Fernandez, Norman Gregory 2008-07-06Is an old school biker whip illegal in the State of California? What weapons are banned in California? 
Foreman, John 1905The Philippine Islands
Frank, Steven A 1990When to copy or avoid an opponent's strategy
Freese, Kevin. The Death Cult of the Drug Lords: Mexico’s Patron Saint of Crime, criminals, and the dispossessed
Funtecha, Henry F 2009-07-10The Pulahanes of central Panay

Gadacz, René R 2014-10-20False Face Society
Gangte, Lalrameng K 2017-06.  Human sacrifice among the Khonds of Orissa C.1836-1861: A study
Gardner, Roy & Molly R Morris 1989The evolution of bluffing in animal contests: an ESS approach
Geggel, Laura 2018-04-24Why New Guinea warriors prized human bone daggers
Guy, Jack 2023-09-06Four 1,900-year-old Roman swords found in cave in Israel
Gwong Zau Kung Fu 2021-06-07.  The “Tigers of War” of the Qing dynasty

Hall, Henry Usher 1916The Bagobo
Hammer, Jill 2020-01-30The Kreismesser: Women and magic swords in Jewish tradition
Hampson, Rick 2006-03-28Anti-snitch campaign riles police, prosecutors
Harvey, Austin 2025-05-21Scientists just uncovered the secrets of the ornate swords once made in West Africa's storied kingdom of Dahomey
Hays, Constance L 1990-07-31Chinatown's old gangs give way to violence and fear
Hines, WGS 1977Competition with an evolutionary stable strategy
Hofmann, Hans A Klaus Schildberger 2001. Assessment of strength and willingness to fight during aggressive encounters in crickets
Holahan, David 2017-04-23.  Before the Mafia, there was the terrifying 'Black Hand'
Horsley, Carter B 2001-05-19. Arts of Africa, Oceania and the Americas at Sotheby's, Saturday May 19, 2001
Hughes, Austin L 1986Picking winners in animal contests
Hunt, Katie 2021-12-22Ancient human discoveries dominated 2021. Here's what we learned
Hunt, Katie 2023-01-05Stone Age humans stepped out in cave bear fur 300,000 years ago
Hurley, Vic 1997 (originally published 1936). Swish of the kris: The Story of the Moros

Irvine, William 1903The army of the Indian Moghuls: its organization and administration

Jacobus, Eric 2024-04-25.  The ROBA hypothesis: A thermodynamic model of human violence and language
Jennings, LA 2016-10-13Real Irish fighting: A history of shillelagh law and hob-nailed boot stomping
Jones, Vanessa E 2006-01-31Put your money where your mouth is
Joyce, Christopher 2018-04-19New Study Says Ancient Humans Hunted Big Mammals To Extinction
Judkins, Ben 2013-01-28A social and visual history of the hudiedao (butterfly sword) in the southern Chinese martial arts
Judkins, Ben 2013-03-04Through a lens darkly (8): Butterfly swords, dadaos and the local militias of Guangdong, 1840 vs. 1940
Judkins, Ben 2013-03-18Through a lens darkly (9): Swords, knives and other traditional weapons encountered by the Shanghai Police Department, 1925
Judkins, Ben 2013-03-25Tools of the trade: The use of firearms and traditional weapons among the tongs of San Francisco, 1877-1878
Judkins, Ben 2014-04-10The 19th century hudiedao (butterfly sword) on land and sea
Judkins, Ben 2015-08-14Research notes: “Advance of the Tigers” through Western eyes
Judkins, Ben 2016-09-25Through a lens darkly (40): Butterfly swords and tong wars in North America
Judkins, Ben 2020-08-10Filipino knives, imperialism and the Asian martial arts
Judkins, Ben 2020-12-13Forgetting about the gun: Firearms and the development of the southern Chinese martial arts
Judkins, Ben 2021-11-14The woyao dao and regionalism in history and martial studies
Just, Winifried; Morris, Molly R; & Xiaolu Sun 2007The evolution of aggressive losers

Kahn, Jeremy 2007-04The story of a snitch
Kifner, John 1991-01-06Asian gangs in New York
Koppel, Niko 2007-08-30Are your jeans sagging?  Go directly to jail.
Korona, Ryszard 1991On the role of age and body size in risky animal contests

La Ferla, Ruth 2003-11-30First hip-hop, now cholo style
LaMotte, Sandee 2021-01-09. Valuing male dominance may predict support for Trump, study says
Lange, Henrik & Olof Leimar 2003-04-11. The function of threat display in wintering great tits 
Londono, Ernesto 2006-01-04Mooning deemed 'disgusting' but no crime in Md.
Lorenzi, Rosella 2010-02-24.  Neanderthals wore feathers as fashion accessories
Lortz, Michael G 2005. ​Willing to face death: A history of Kurdish military forces — the peshmerga — from the Ottoman empire to present-day Iraq
Lyubichankovskiy, Sergey 2015Buddhism in the Orenburg Cossack troops in the period between two Russian revolutions

Macachor, Celestino C. New theories on the origins of Eskrima
MacDonald, George F 2001The Haida: Children of Eagle and Raven
Madden, Thomas F 1999. :-(  The real history of the Crusades
Maisey, A.G. 1998. :-(  Origin of the Keris and its Development to the 14th Century
Malek, Marvin K.; Chang, Bei-Hung; & Terry C Davis 1998. Fighting and weapon-carrying among seventh-grade students in Massachusetts and Louisiana 
Malek, Marvin K.; Chang, Bei-Hung; & Terry C Davis 1998. Self-reported characterization of seventh-grade students' fights
Maloney, James M. 2009Maloney v. Rice: The nunchaku case
Mao, Xiaorui 2022-08-15.  A study on the local militias in the early and mid-Qing dynasty
Martinez, Ramon 2000The demystification of the Spanish School
Martinez, Ramon 2005Jeronimo de Carranza’s “Philosophy” of Arms
Medieval Scottish soldiers fought wearing bright yellow war shirts. 2009-06-29.  
Menez, Herminia 2004-05-03In focus: Talisman, leadership, and power: The belief in magical potency continues to pervade Filipino life
Mesterton-Gibbons, Michael; Marden, James H; & Lee Alan Dugatkin 1996On wars of attrition without assessment
Mills, Andy. 'Akau tau: Contextualising Tongan war-clubs
Mills, Laurel & Kelly Ferguson 2008-08-14Aargh -- buried facts about pirates
Mitchell, Kerri 2023-05-17Accessorize in style with the best mood ring

Nachiar, Nandini 2022-02-03How did Burberry break free from the rigid fist with which it was held by the chav subculture?
National Army MuseumTiger headdress, Chinese Manchu forces, Boxer Rebellion, 1900-1901
Netshiheni, Rudzani “RooAT” 2013-02-08.  History of the Jesus Piece

Pantone, Dan James 2006The Shipibo Indians: Masters of Ayahuasca
Pappas, Nicholas CJ. Stradioti: Balkan mercenaries in fifteenth and sixteenth Century Italy 
Parker, G.A. & DI Rubenstein 1981Role assessment, reserve strategy, and acquisition of information in asymmetric animal conflicts
PBS Eons 2023-11-09When did we stop being naked?
PBS Origins 2023-11-09The misunderstood legacy of ninjas
PBS Origins 2024-02-01How the Aztec empire was built on spies

Ramirez, Mac 2021-02-02Bangar's guerrillas: A small town’s valiant yet forgotten history of resistance during the Philippine-American War
Richardson, David & Sue 2005The Karakalpaks
Robinson, David 2017-07-12.  Why military institutions matter for Ming history
Rodell, Scott M 1999Vietnamese swords
Ronnen, Meir 2006-10-01Jews of the long dagger
Rosenberg, Mica 2009-04-10Mexico's "Saint Death" cult says is drug war victim

Sam, Katerina; Sam, Legi; & Jan Leps 2015-04Ethnobotany of penis sheathes (phallocrpyts) in Papua New Guinea
Sanneh, Kelafa 2005-11-13Cracking the code in Hip-Hop
Schoetz, David 2007-09-07Underdressed passenger or overreacting airline?
Serwer, Andrew E 1992-11-30The Hells Angels' devilish business
Seyfarth, RM & DL Cheney 2009. Agonistic and affiliative signals: Resolutions of conflict
Shaw, Richard. Dadupanthis
Siddique, Haroon 2007-06-14US town bans saggy pants
Sims, Brian 2006-07-17History of the grill
Singh Brar, Sandeep 2011.  Understanding the Kirpan for non-Sikhs
Smith, John Maynard & GA Parker 1976The logic of asymmetric contests
Soth, Amelia. The fencing moral panic of Elizabethan London
Steinmayer, Otto 2007The loincloth of Borneo
Stewart, Ethan 2021-01-13How Leeds led the goth scene
Street, Mikelle 2017-05-21This Chicano designer brings the radical cholo spirit to fashion
Strength of New Guinea's bone dagger examined2018-04-26
Szamado, Szabolcs 2008-09-03. How threat displays work: species-specific fighting techniques, weaponry and proximity risk

Tarko, Vlad 2006-06-21Threat display: Showing off in the animal kingdom
Tausk, Gene 2002At the edge of accepted knowledge in Western martial arts
Treaty 2U Treaty2U
Tsoni, Paula 2024-07-31Archaeological find supports ancient Greek explorer’s account of Britons

Underwood, Leon 1965Le bâton de commandement
Uprising among the Khonds against the Government, 1817

Valderrama, Michael R 2013-06-22.  The bolo
Vallangi, Neelima 2014-09-22India's last surviving headhunters
Vescio, Teresa K & Nathaniel EC Schermerhorn 2021-01-12.  Hegemonic masculinity predicts 2016 and 2020 voting and candidate evaluations
Vetukov, V 2015.  Traditional bladed weapons of Vietnam: The problems of terminology

Walker, Rob 2005-01-02The good, the plaid and the ugly
Weir, Laura 2017-09-19Check this out — the ‘haute chav’ is back on the catwalk, and it makes me feel Noughtie
Weldon, Glen 2018 04-18-2018Man Of Steel, belted: 'Action Comics #1000' and the return of a super-accessory
Werlin, Katy 2017-01-06Baggy trousers are revolting: The sans-culottes of the French revolution transformed peasant dress into a badge of honour
White, Tanika 2005-04-30'Stop Snitchin' shirts have people talking for different reasons in city
Why is 'chav' still controversial? 2011-06-03
Wilson, Cintra 2008-09-17. You just can't kill it
Wolf, Buck 2002-05-21When clowns go bad: Don't let a few bad Bozos ruin your circus fun

Yangkyi 2023-06-10Tibetan monks' costumes