Subject: maharlika / maginoo warrior
Culture: Tagalog
Setting: southwestern Luzon 16thc
Evolution:
Context (Event Photos, Primary Sources, Secondary Sources, Field Notes)
* Scott 1994 p231-232
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* Junker 1999 p126
"As emphasized by Scott, the datu and this second tier of frequently (though not always) genealogically close elite were sharply separated from the remaining population by their largely nonproductive role in the subsistence economy. In the case of the Tagalog maginoo and maharlika, Plasencia suggests that individuals of this rank were generally not required to pay agricultural tribute, but rather controlled their own commoner dependents or slave force to work their land for their own sustenance. 'Maginoo' appears to refer to a general aristocracy or upper class that encompasses both the hereditary datus and their male and female kinsmen. The Tagalog maharlika are described by Plasencia as primarily functioning in a military capacity, accompanying datus on raiding and trading expeditionn and sharing in the wealth to be gained from such activities. However, the word 'maharlika' is probably derived from the Sanskrit 'maharddhika,' meaning 'a man of wealth, wisdom, or competence.' The term appears as early as the seventh century in Srivijaya to denote a chief or other powerful individual who controlled slaves or bondsmen, and in precolonial Java it referred particularly to religious specialists who were elite advisors to the kings and exempt from tribute. Scott has suggested that maharlika are primarily high-status warriors, 'a sort of diluted maginoo blood' resulting from secondary marriages of local elites with nonlocal elites of lower rank. However, the association of this term with ritual specialists in precolonial Java and with generalized leadership in Srivijaya indicates the possibility that 'maharlika' refers to a broader range of second-tier administrators performing important military, ritual, and possibly economic functions for a higher-ranking datu. While membership in the maginoo class of nobility appears to occur primarily through inheritance, Spanish sources are ambiguous about the origins of maharlika status. Analogies to militarily and ritually proficient 'men of renown' in ethnographically known Philippine chiefdoms such as the Bagobo and Bukidnon suggest that these high-status positions were not inherited, but may have been largely acquired through successful performance." [references omitted]
* Scott 1994 p222-224
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Body Art
* Scott 1994 p196-197
"The most obvious physical feature which distinguished Tagalogs from 'pintado' Visayans was their lack of tattoos. Nor did they reshape infants' skulls by head binding, though they filed and colored their teeth and pegged them with gold, had lips reddened by betel nut chewing, and distended their earlobes to the shoulder with heavy gold earrings -- malambing na talinga. They cut their hair short and removed facial hair but grew mustaches to the extent they could, perhaps due to foreign influence. They did not wear penis pins, though Tagalog mountaineers east of laguna inserted little pellets under the skin."
Costume
* Scott 1994 p197
"The basic male garment was the G-string (bahag or balabal). This was large and wide enough to hang over the hips and thighs with a flap behind long enough to inspire facetious Spanish comments like, 'Nababasa ang palawit mo [You're getting your tail wet]'. A silk one called kalikot came from Borneo, and so did an highly decorated one of silk and cotton called kalikam, which was restricted to upper-class chiefs. Both men and women wore a short-sleeved, collarless shirt or jacket (baro), and a cloak or long-sleeved gown on formal occasions -- yambong if ankle-length. A special piece of male finery was a scarf (salampay) thrown over the shoulders, intricately worked by their wives. There was also a mantle called tapi in which men wrapped up, but it was already considered old-fashioned in the colonial period and so then was only used by old men. The turbanlike putong was the normal male headdress, red int eh case of those who had personally killed an enemy, or decorated with a plume of feathers, sagisag for chiefs, and tambulok for anyone sworn to avenge the death of a close relative." [references omitted]
Weapons
* Scott 1994 p232
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